The issues associated with therapeutic cloning will never fully be settled, but it is important to understand both the pros and cons of this issue. Our Legal Journal contains a vast assortment of resources that helps in understanding contemporary legal issues. Therapeutic cloning could allow an individual's own cells to be used to treat or cure that person's disease, without risk of introducing foreign cells that may be rejected. It allows you to evaluate therapeutic cloning with a more neutral starting point and not get completely caught up in the ethical issues that exist. [56] It must be noted that while granting license, HFEA must be fully convinced that use of embryos is essential for purpose of the given research. [53] Further, in 2001 , the British Government passed Human Fertilization and Embryology (Research Purposes) Regulations, 2001 to amend the Human Fertilization and Embryology Act, 1990 thereby allowing therapeutic cloning. Source: https://www.nature.com/articles/nm0999_975. As of now, as an immediate response complaint, ICMR has appealed to doctors across the country to share scientific proof of clinical efficacy of stem cells in any disease condition or disorder in their specialities so that malpractices can be curbed. How does therapeutic cloning differ from other forms of stem cell research? Hall, Petra Stojkovic and Miodrag Stojkovic, Using Therapeutic Cloning to Fight Human Disease: A Conundrum or Reality?, (2006) 24STEM CELLS https://stemcellsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1634/stemcells.2005-0592> accessed 22 April 2020, [17]University of Utah, Why Clone? Genetic Science Learning Center accessed 29 April 2020, [18] Ian Murnaghan, Therapeutic Cloning, (explorestemcells, 10 Feb 2020 accessed 30 March 2020, [19]Department of Science and Technology, Cloning And Stem Cells-Public Understanding of Biotechnology (2014) accessed 25 March 2020. 10 Advantages and Disadvantages of Cloning Animals Strains or sprains to ligaments typically heal in 6 weeks or less with rest. However, you also understand the ethical dilemmas associated with this technology. Therapeutic cloning also presents opportunities for scientific advancements in understanding disease mechanisms and developing personalized medicine. Therapeutic: In therapeutic cloning, the aim is to clone cells that make particular organs or types of tissue 2. Here listed are some major advantages and disadvantages of cloning: Advantages of Cloning 1. Nowadays, defective illness may not be the killer of human but they could be in our future life. Benefits of Therapeutic Cloning in Stem Cell Science. For instance, some ardently conservative followers of Christianity and others believe that human person-hood starts at conception. Moreover, there are concerns about possible misuse of this technology if not regulated responsibly. Reproductive cloning helps people fulfill their dreams of having children. Therefore, it seems morally justified to destruct an embryo of lower moral significance as long as it is being used for improving the existing living beings of higher moral status.[35]. Its hard to ignore the ethical minefield that arises when discussing the creation of genetically identical organisms through therapeutic cloning. In this technique, the nucleus is removed from an unfertilized egg. What is human therapeutic cloning? 1/Potential benefits to modern medicine Even today, the full potential of stem cells has not been fully explored. Therapeutic cloning refers to a process of utilizing SCNT or the somatic cell nuclear transfer for the production of cells exactly matching the patient. Such complaints, however, are suggestive that there is a need for the more stringent provision or enforcement action. Out of these cell lines which were then approved by Bush, 12 of them died and the remaining no longer remained fruitful for research purposes. In 1885, Hans Dreisch became the first person to successfully perform a cloning experiment with a sea urchin. The two methods are as follows: Cloning using somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) : This procedure is same as that for the purpose of therapeutic cloning wherein a nucleus taken from a somatic cell of the person who is to be cloned is injected into an enucleated egg. Cloning is one such trend of biotechnology, which has the potential to enhance the beauty and creativity of this field. Additionally, there are worries about possible genetic abnormalities and the misuse of cloning technology. How Therapeutic Cloning Works: Public perception of therapeutic cloning varies globally due to bioethical concerns, political implications, and religious views. Advantages, Disadvantages and Ethical Issues of Cloning It was in July 1996 that a major breakthrough happened in the field of cloning since it was the first time when an organism i.e. United State House of Representative has attempted to vote on the issue of cloning on several occasions. On the other hand, others believe that this would simply commodify the entire human existence and might even cause the exploitation of women simply because they are in dire need for financial assistance. This nucleus contains the genetic material. [45], In one of the experiments, researchers at Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital in Belmont, Massachusetts, injected cloned embryonic stem cells into total 25 rats who exhibited symptoms of Parkinsons disease. In India, there is no law specific dealing particularly on cloning however the issue has been addressed and regulated by ethical guidelines formulated in recent years by the concerned authorities. Although this advantage won't solve hunger by itself, a higher level of food availability will reduce conflicts, encourage innovation, and push scientists toward the innovative results that are likely necessary for the future. Consequently, a normal period of pregnancy continues till the cloned organism having the identical genetic makeup is born. Ethical guidelines should be established alongside research protocols to ensure that societal values are protected. Some believe that somatic cell nuclear transfer is also responsible for giving life to an embryo. How do scientists ensure that the genetically identical tissues or organs grown from therapeutic cloning will not be rejected by the patients immune system? [1] M.R. Positive Influence Cons Of Human Cloning Faster Aging Religious and Ethical Issues Organ Rejection Low Success Rates Lack of Identity and Individuality It Can Cause a Divide Among People Devalues Human Lives Expensive Pros Of Human Cloning Human cloning is the major and advancing field of biotechnology. It also provides disadvantages of this practice such as the painful process of egg extraction and being an expensive procedure. Through this Additional Protocol, prohibition is only with respect to the methods which lead to creation of clones of humans. Therefore, it can be denied that the National Guidelines on Stem Cell Research certainly is a significant step in right direction to encourage restricted stem cell research or even therapeutic cloning as they can pave way for major scientific developments in the near future. The technique of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is used in therapeutic cloning to transfer the nucleus of a patients somatic cell into an enucleated egg cell. #cloning Therapeutic cloning: advantages/pros vs. disadvantages/co. The international instruments evidently discuss the right or freedom pertaining to contributions in scientific research.For instance, UDHR refers to right to share in scientific advancement. Therapeutic cloning has the potential to regenerate tissues and organs for medical purposes through the use of embryonic stem cells. [20] It is one such field which can benefit immensely from the advances in the cloning technology more particularly in the form of therapeutic cloning. Are there any alternative methods to therapeutic cloning for regenerating tissues and organs? Therefore, advocates of therapeutic cloning believe that associating moral considerations to embryo should not serve as a roadblock to cloning for research purposes. [21] Anthony Atala and Chester J. Koh, Annu, Tissue Engineering Applications of Therapeutic Cloning(2004)6 Rev. Scheme 1. An example of ethical issues associated with cloning includes producing identical human beings in the lab. The reproductive cloning differs from therapeutic cloning in the way that while former is used to clone an entire organism, latter is only used to clone stem cells. It is one of the beneficial aspects of therapeutic cloning since the cell incorporated in the person is familiar with the immune system already. However, future prospects for scientific advancements offer hope for improving the efficacy of this technique. Genetic Cloning: Advantages and Disadvantages @media(min-width:0px){#div-gpt-ad-ablison_com-box-4-0-asloaded{max-width:300px!important;max-height:250px!important}}if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'ablison_com-box-4','ezslot_11',630,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-ablison_com-box-4-0'); While there are many potential benefits to this technology, ethical concerns have emerged alongside its development. [58] It is interesting that a country as advanced as USA has not yet come up with any federal law with respect to cloning however there are federal laws and regulations to address the issues such as funding which are incidental to cloning. In those times, several kinds of plants used to be cloned simply by obtaining cuttings of their leaves, stems, or roots and replanting them. Meaning of an anticipation of invention and what it constitutes in India, Publication Ethics and Malpractice statement, Understanding Therapeutic Cloning: Benefits, Issues and Legal Framework, https://i0.wp.com/lexforti.com/legal-news/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/bl.jpg?fit=1200%2C675&ssl=1, https://i0.wp.com/lexforti.com/legal-news/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/159134300345793876.png?fit=96%2C96&ssl=1. However, it is not yet certain as what results would be yielded when the experiment is done with humans. https://www.nature.com/articles/nm0999_975, Varies by state; federal funding restricted for embryonic stem cell research, National Institutes of Health Guidelines for Human Stem Cell Research, Legal but heavily regulated; requires licenses from Human Fertilisation & Embryology Authority, Prohibited from using embryos over 14 days old; no reproductive cloning allowed, Legal but heavily regulated; requires permission from Ministry of Education or Science, No reproductive cloning allowed; must destroy embryo after 14 days, Legal but heavily regulated; states can implement their own laws, Prohibited from creating embryos solely for research purposes, Exceptions made for research using embryos that were created prior to 2002. 20 Advantages and Disadvantages of Cloning Humans Continued discussions among researchers, ethicists, and policymakers will be necessary to navigate the complexities associated with therapeutic cloning and address any emerging ethical concerns. Therefore, guidelines require mandatory video consent of the donor wherein the consent must be informed consent; screening for six major transmittable diseases namely HIV-1 and 2, hepatitis B virus etc. [4] As far as biomedical research is concerned, cloning means the duplication of any kind of biological material for scientific studies, such as a piece of DNA or an individual cell.[5] In other words, it can be said that cloning is the process by which replication of a biological unit (such as a DNA sequence, cell, or organism) is done, more specifically with the help of biotechnological methods. Therefore, therapeutic cloning means cloning in relation to treatment of disease or disorders. 10 Pros and Cons of Employer Sponsored Health Insurance, 20 Pros and Cons of NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement, 20 Pros and Cons of Living in Green Valley AZ, 40 Pros and Cons of Oil Energy (Petroleum). 13 Therapeutic Cloning Pros and Cons - Vittana.org King (19212000),(2004)301(1) 3 April 2020, [8]Kre{imir Paveli} , Arguments for Human Therapeutic Cloning (2004)IV (1) BJBMS IV (1) accessed 5 April 2020, [10] Human somatic cell nuclear transfer and cloning, (2012) 98(4)ASRM accessed> 23 April 2020, [11] Alina Bradford ,Facts About Cloning (Live Science Contributor, 2 March 2017) accessed 2 April 2020, [14] Scientific and Medical Aspects of Human Reproductive Cloning (National Academies Press (US)2002). It is possible to gain a better understanding of birth defects and cancer from better understanding all the intricate details of therapeutic cloning. Additionally, theres a risk of genetic abnormalities in cloned tissues or organs, which could result in further health complications for patients. While therapeutic cloning offers many benefits in terms of regenerative medicine and gene therapy, it also presents significant ethical challenges that must be addressed. Therapeutic Cloning Pros and Cons - HRF - HRF - Health and Medical Blog Extracting eggs from a female is costly and painful for the woman. While ICESCR (1966) provides that the states must respect the freedom indispensable for scientific research. Many are opposed to therapeutic cloning because it involves the use of embryos, which some equate to be living. Annals of biomedical engineering, 1620-1632. https://stemcells.nih.gov/info/Regenerative_Medicine/2006Chapter1.htm. Consequently, patients might be subjected to financial exploitation as they might be charged exorbitantly for treatments by being given a false hope that they would be cured even if stem cell therapies are only in their developmental stages.[42]. It is eventually helping them understand as to what signals are to be provided to cells so that they can change their function to another. Right of potential patients who may benefit from Therapeutic cloning: Instances of failure of therapeutic cloning: INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK ON THERAPEUTIC CLONING. Describe at least three ethical controversies surrounding reproductive and therapeutic cloning. Understanding Therapeutic Cloning: Benefits, Issues and - LexForti As research on therapeutic cloning continues to progress, its important to weigh both the potential benefits and risks while considering the ethical implications involved. Due to already existing compatibility, a lot of complications can be avoided which might arise in the situations wherein heterologous transplants (such as the case in organ donation) has been done.[25]. [40], Secondly, there is an ethical dilemma as to whether eggs(oocyte) which are provided by the women to the researchers should be a subject-matter of financial transaction involving buying and selling. Reproductive: In this we actually reproduce not organ but entire being (donor) from where we got genetic information Methods: 1. Many critics claim that it is the death of a human if embryo is used to extract stem cells. International Conventions/Resolution or Declaration: Legal approach of different countries towards Therapeutic cloning: Indian legislative framework with respect to therapeutic cloning: https://publications.drdo.gov.in/ojs/index.php/dsj/article/download/2246/1204, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cloneaccessed, https://www.britannica.com/science/cloning, https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/hans-spemann-1869-1941> accessed, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jez.a.20045accessed, Arguments for Human Therapeutic Cloning (2004)IV (1) BJBMS IV (1) <, https://www.bjbms.org/ojs/index.php/bjbms/article/download/3454/1011, https://www.fertstert.org/article/S0015-0282(12)00698-X/fulltext>accessed, https://www.livescience.com/58079-cloning-facts.html, https://stemcellsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1634/stemcells.2005-0592, https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/whyclone/, http://www.explorestemcells.co.uk/therapeuticcloning.html>accessed, https://www.pub.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Factsheet-Pub-CloningPRINT2, https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146%2Fannurev.bioeng.6.012204.115707, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2323472/, http://www.drze.de/in-focus/research-cloning/medical-aspects, https://geneticstherapeutic.weebly.com/societal-issues.html, https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/26/nyregion/26stemcell.html?partner=rss&emc=rss, https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zs8y4qt/revision/3, https://www.jstor.org/stable/4065317accessed, https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/weekly-standard/the-false-promise-of-therapeutic-cloning, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/a-patchwork-of-laws/, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11684779/> accessed, http://www.drze.de/in-focus/research-cloning/legal-aspects, https://www.rbmojournal.com/article/S1472-6483(10)61589-1, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266377218_Human_Therapeutic_Cloning_and_Stem_Cell_Research_Ethical_Legal_and_Policy_Implications, https://www.diaglobal.org/en/flagship/dia-2018/program/posters/Poster-Presentations/Poster-Presentations, http://www.picronline.org/article.asp?issn=22293485;year=2019;volume=10;issue=4;spage=148;epage=154;aulast=Lahiry, https://www.livemint.com/science/health/icmr-asks-stakeholders-to-share-evidence-on-efficacy-of-stem-cells-1555527812652.html, Contact us for Legal Drafting and Reviewing, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KS0rEctbeWk, All stories by : LexForti Legal News Network. or. For therapeutic cloning, is it right to create embryos for therapy, and destroy them in the process? Many people believe it is ethically wrong and against "god's" wishes. Since the object of regenerative medicine is to help relieve patients who are suffering dueto a disease or injury byrestoring the damaged or injured tissue and organs, therapeutic cloning can be of paramount importance in advancing the regenerative medicine. 1. [30], Despite the unfathomable and extraordinary potential of therapeutic cloning, it has always been the subject-matter of debate on the grounds of ethical and moral considerations. Whenever derivation of human embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells is required, then conditions for gamete, embryo, and somatic cell donation must be followed along with prior approval of IC-SCR and IEC. United States position on cloning is quite uncertain and interesting with respect cloning. Advantages and Disadvantages of Therapeutic Cloning - BiotechnologyForums Dolly the sheep was cloned from the adult stem cells and not the embryonic stem cells. Ultimately, finding a balance between scientific advancement and societal values will require ongoing dialogue between researchers, policymakers, and members of the public alike.CountryLegal StatusKey RegulationsUSAVaries by state; federal funding restricted for embryonic stem cell researchNational Institutes of Health Guidelines for Human Stem Cell ResearchUKLegal but heavily regulated; requires licenses from Human Fertilisation & Embryology AuthorityProhibited from using embryos over 14 days old; no reproductive cloning allowedJapanLegal but heavily regulated; requires permission from Ministry of Education or ScienceNo reproductive cloning allowed; must destroy embryo after 14 daysAustraliaLegal but heavily regulated; states can implement their own lawsProhibited from creating embryos solely for research purposesGermanyIllegal under Embryo Protection ActExceptions made for research using embryos that were created prior to 2002. 10 Far-Reaching Pros and Cons of Therapeutic Cloning Patients that receive organ transplants are often faced with high percentages of rejection. [28], A major breakthrough in the field of Therapeutic Cloning was published by Tabar et al. Cloning of macaque monkeys by somatic cell nuclear transfer As has been mentioned above, cloning is currently applied only to animals. They are of the opinion that therapeutic cloning should be allowed as well as funded just as any kind of therapeutic research. We are committed to helping our readers make informed decisions about their finances, and encourage you to explore our site for helpful resources and insights. Though cloning gained popularity in recent times, it has been a common practice in the field of horticulture since ancient times. [34] According to McMahan, unlike the late-term embryo, the early embryo is merely an insentient cluster of cells which doesnt have the potential to be identified morphologically to a mature organism. Cell Stem Cell, 23, 471-485.Segers, S. M. (2017). It has indeed clarified the ambiguity and loopholes of the preceding guidelines and has helped in preparing a basic skeleton of the research related to stem cell research and therapeutic cloning. The major advantage of using SCNT to drive the production of . Benefits of Therapeutic Cloning in Stem Cell Science Embryonic cloning: Cellular degradation occurs when too many clones are made from embryos. [46], In the December 20/27, 2001, edition of Nature, Peter Aldhous,Natures chief news and features editor stated that the the idea of therapeutic cloning seems to be on the wane. 7 Therapeutic cloning Transplanting stem cells Adult stem cell transplants could use a patient's own stem cells or be from a donor. [67] Neetu Chandra Sharma ,ICMR asks stakeholders to share evidence on efficacy of stem cells(livemint, 18 April 2019)< https://www.livemint.com/science/health/icmr-asks-stakeholders-to-share-evidence-on-efficacy-of-stem-cells-1555527812652.html> Accessed 22 April 2020. The ultimate goal of therapeutic cloning would be to create new organs from the existing cell tissues of a medical patient. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. If therapeutic cloning advances medicinal science in such a way that it becomes possible to avoid these diseases or illnesses then it would make them feel that they are different from others and are viewed as liabilities or imperfections in the society.[36]. "The average person carries 8 defective genes inside them." (Smith, n.d.). INTRODUCTION Cloning - Its Meaning Historical Timeline of Cloning Types of Cloning Therapeutic Cloning Reproductive Cloning BENEFITS OF THERAPEUTIC CLONING Cloning to make stem cells: Applications in the field of regenerative medicine: Less chances of immune rejection from patient: Increased knowledge of development and differentiation: The cost of therapeutic cloning is very high. [20] Mao AS, Mooney DJ, Regenerative medicine: Current therapies and future directions(2015)112(47) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 30 Pros and Cons of Therapeutic Cloning 2023 - Ablison dealing with infertility issues, avoiding transfer of genetic risk, replicating individuals of high-quality traits so that society can benefit from them etc. There are also those who acknowledge the status of embryo yet argue that the status of embryo becomes more profound only when it develops so in early stage scenario it can be a subject matter of research if there are potential benefits of the same. It is their argument that this technique is going to change the perception of human life as if it can be moulded or destructed for any purpose. [26] Therefore , therapeutic cloning can be of great help since it reduces the chances of immune rejection by the recipients immune system since the stem cell being incorporated has the same genetic features as the recipient itself. Therapeutic Cloning: its applications, advantages and disadvantages Therapeutic Cloning: its applications, advantages and disadvantages Download as PDF DOI: 10.23977/blsme.2022080 Author(s) Kehan Yu Corresponding Author Kehan Yu ABSTRACT This paper describes my research in Therapeutic Cloning. This type of cloning is very controversial and individuals feel strongly on both sides of this issue. The legal implications of therapeutic cloning have been a topic of debate among policymakers worldwide, with some countries taking a more cautious approach than others. 1. 1. Filed Under: Healthcare Articles and Infographics, 2023 HealthResearchFunding.org - Privacy Policy, 14 Hysterectomy for Fibroids Pros and Cons, 12 Pros and Cons of the Da Vinci Robotic Surgery, 14 Pros and Cons of the Cataract Surgery Multifocal Lens, 11 Pros and Cons of Monovision Cataract Surgery. Singh, Human Therapeutic Cloning and Stem Cell Research: Ethical, Legal and Policy Implications.(2014) accessed 24 April 2020, [63] Muntazir Ali Parvez Akhtar Sayed , M-20: Analysis of Indian National Guidelines for Stem Cell Research: A Path to Good Clinical Practice and Patient Care.(2018) < https://www.diaglobal.org/en/flagship/dia-2018/program/posters/Poster-Presentations/Poster-Presentations> accessed 22 April 2020, [64]Sandeep Lahiry, Shouvik Choudhury, Rajasree Sinha and Suparna Chatterjee,The National Guidelines for Stem Cell Research (2017): What academicians need to know? (2019) 10 (4) ISCR accessed 24 April 2020, [65] National Guidelines for Stem Cell Research, 2017. Consequently, biotechnology finds application in various fields such as food production, industry, environmental protection and health care.[1]. [22] Apart from that therapeutic cloning has the potential to treat Parkinsons disease and its advancement could eventually be even extended for treatment of cortical atrophy resulting from stroke or for Alzheimers disease. The disadvantage of cloning animals is that prolonged use of this technology would create a genetic bottleneck.

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