Greed and Grievance in Civil War Author(s): Paul Collier and Anke Hoeffler Source: Oxford Economic Papers, Oct., 2004, Vol. Ln population 0 0 0. 2004. Gasiorowski, Mark J. Not only did both the RUF and the government sell future exploitation rights to finance their war, but also rebels and government officials engaged in extensive looting operations out of which they earned large sums of money. Pseudo R 2 0 0 0. Sudan 10/63 02/ Za re/Dem. has sparked much discussion on the relationship between This is because they believed that a peaceful stage of capitalism could emerge. 2: 187-209. Oxford Economic Papers, 56, 563-595. The article concludes that the empirical evidence is incompatible with the first of these approaches but consistent with the others. What is new in their analysis, is the refinement and enrichment of the measurement of feasibility with the addition to their previous indicators (level, growth and structure of income) of three new non-economic variables, precisely: having formed part of the French security umbrella (as a former colony), proportion of male population between 15-29 years old, and proportion of mountainous terrain of the country in question. Participant observation is better for assessing ideational motivations than econometric models. The Collier-Hoeffler Model (see below the TEDx talk) supports greed over grievance as an explanation for conflict. State-Sponsored Mass Killing in African Wars Greed or Grievance? The first is the advancement of international conditions of globalization. (0) The Collier-Hoeffler model suggests that there are three types of opportunities. Etherington, Norman. Marxian, Liberal, and Sociological Theories of Imperialism. Anderton, Charles H. 2003. Running time. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009. 4: 597-624. Journal of Conflict Resolution24, no. 1: 47-62. Most wars are now civil wars. Sierra Leone: Ironic Tragedy. Andreas, Peter. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. Abstract. 1: 37-60. Site 13 This is analogous to the theory of tax exit proposed by Buchanan and Faith (1987). First, whereas the economic opportunity costs of conflictual behavior are quantifiable, the valuation of political goals is not equally possible. Collier, Paul and Anke Hoeffler. PDF Natural Resources, Conflict, and Conflict Resolution: Uncovering the Log likelihood 128 128 146 93 93. This article presents a critique of the influential econometric studies by Paul Collier and Anke Hoeffler on the causes of civil war. Nicaragua 10/78 07/79 * * Collie vs Australian Red Heeler - Breed Comparison - MyDogBreeds Analogous to, the income Gini coefficient, the Gini coefficient of population dispersion will be high if the population is (Diaspora-diaspora 823. Levy, Jack S. and Thompson, William, R. 2010. The book [1776]2007. By contrast, economic variables, which could proxy some griev- [1914]1970. Dominican Rep. 04/65 09/65 * * Collier, P., & Hoeffler, A. (2002). On the Incidence of Civil War in Primary Commodity Exports and Civil War - James D. Fearon, 2005 El Salvador 10/79 01/92 * * Geographic dispersion 0 0 1. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), North African Countries, Arab Spring, Military Coup, Political Instability, MENA, JOURNAL NAME: It also exercised pressure on states not only to protect with tariffs the preservation of its position in the domestic market, but also expand the size of the national market, if necessary, even with the use of force (Hilferding [1910]1981, 334-335). 4: 563-573. 8 For the calculation of the Gini coefficient we used the population data per 400 km 2 cell. He claimed that it made good sense to import commodities whose domestic production cost was much higher (Smith [1776]2007, 294-295). Russia 12/94 08/ Social fractionalization 0 0 0. By seeking the truth from facts, this paper contributes to the gap of knowledge for the African nation and the foreign countries about the political condition, trends and economic diversification ofAfrica.This paperalso investigates few issues including the possibilities of Africas political turbulence and provides an overview of the major considerations associated with SSAand North African situations,contemplatingwhether SSA replicates the North African political chaos and discussesthoroughly Africas pressing political governance issues, including the power thirstiness, leadership institution and the action of African Union (AU). Azerbaijan 04/91 10/ Collier, P., & Hoeffler, A. (2004). Greed and Grievance in Civil War SAGE Publications is an academic and professional publisher. There are two main issues with the "greed over grievance" perspective. Hampshire: Harriman House Ltd. Stewart, Frances. The Collier-Hoeffler Model (see below the TEDx talk) supports greed over grievance as an explanation for conflict. Murshed, Syed Mansoob and Mohammad Zulfan Tadjoeddin. [1900]1999. 13 September 2012 PDF Split View Cite Permissions Share Abstract While economic agendas have been shown to be an important factor in shaping civil wars, there are several problems with prominent explanations centring on rebel 'greed', notably those put forward by Paul Collier. Uganda 10/80 04/88 * * * In contrast, assuming a primarily material basis for genocide is not rational. Lower growth does not seem to cause political instability, Rosa Luxemburg Internet Archive. 2004. Collier and Anke Hoeffler, whose model of civil war onset Cambodia 03/70 10/91 * On the contrary, in socially divided organisations, resources will lead to unrest and indiscipline within the group and the diffusion of power to local units (Staniland, 2012). 2: 201-217. The Political Situation, Trends and Geopolitical Implications of Sub-Saharan and North African Countries: Comparative Study. 'The Frightful Inadequacy of Most of the Statistics': A Critique of p0. Indeed, most of this scholarship focuses on the impact of trade on war, that is to say, whether economic interdependence and trade relations diminish or increase the probability of interstate war. Lemarchand, Ren. Lebanon, Russian Federation, Colombia, Northern Ireland, Finally, some analysts see no reason why greed and grievance should be presented in antagonistic either-or terms for the explanation of the causes of intrastate conflicts. 4 (Oct., 2004), pp. An Essay on the Principle of Population. The key variable characteristics that shorten conflict are a decline in the prices of the primary commodities that the country exports and external military intervention on the side of the rebels. (0)*** (0)*** (0)*** 1999. The Dynamics of Violence in Central Africa. Grievances often involve material concerns and are not solely driven by idealistic factors. Some might deduce that this methodology can result in a different outcome in the greed vs grievance debate. Iran 06/81 05/82 * * * In this respect, Mercantilism, Liberalism, Marxism, and Political Realism have provided the most influential accounts of the economic causes of war. Rep. of Congo 09/97 09/99 * * * (2004) establishes Cambridge, MA: Harvard School of Public Health, Conflict Prevention Initiative, Program on Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research. Replication Datasets - Peace Research Institute Oslo Since the grievance logic is based on ideational factors and interests, one can argue that an econometric model cannot assess its contribution to a conflict. Notes: All regressions include a constant. Paine, Thomas. Therefore, early 20th century Marxists were divided on their predictions about the outcome of imperialism and the future direction of capitalism. American Journal of Political Science53, no. Commerce provided a temporary remedy to the capitalist countries problem of falling profit rates. Economic Incentives, Natural Resources and Conflict in Africa. 1996. The two volumes of Understanding Civil Morris Watnick and Sam Gordon, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. It argues that their research is filled with empirical.. In a similar vein, Blanton and Apodaca (2007) present the global market as an audience that rewards or punishes states for their policies. Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism. Press, Paul Chapman Publishing, Pine Forge Press, SAGE Reference, SAGE Science and Scolari (US and Europe websites) imprints. Differences between a civil war and genocide or war on terror are obvious; no one can suppose that they emerged because of the same incentives and will have the same consequences. The results show that the duration of conflict is systematically related both to structural conditions prevailing prior to conflict and to circumstances during conflict. Civil wars usually attract less attention, but they have become increasingly . The key structural characteristics that lengthen conflict are low per capita income, high inequality and a moderate degree of ethnic division. Lenin depicted ultra-imperialism as ultra-nonsense ([1916]1966, 87) and asserted that there could be no peace among the imperialist powers but only a truce between periods of wars ([1916]1966, 111). Assessing the Liberal Peace with Alternative Specifications: Trade Still Reduces Conflict. Burundi 08/88 08/88 * * * Ethnic dominance (4590%) 0 0 1. Unless otherwise noted, all page references are to Collier & Hoeffler, 2004 Collier, P. and Hoeffler, A. Paul Collier and Anke Hoeffler wrote one of the seminal pieces defending greed over grievance. 2003. The Malthusian theory illuminated the causal relationship between population growth, scarcity of resources, and conflict outbreak. 2004. War, Peace, and the Invisible Hand: Positive Political Externalities of Economic Globalization. Liberia 10/92 11/96 * economic growth (see for example Barro 1991, 1997). This point is clearly one of the most crucial weaknesses of their argument. And Elbadawi and Hegre (2008) support that globalization indirectly diminishes the risk of conflict through the stimulation of short- and long-term growth. Likewise, Barbieri (1996 and 2002) remarks that extensive economic interdependence increases the likelihood of countries engaging in war. Another strand of the contemporary literature concentrates on the incidence of internal conflicts and problematizes new questions such as the motivations of individual belligerents to fight. Male secondary schooling 0 0. Guinea-Bissau 12/62 12/ Pevehouse (2004) claims that each side of the debate illuminates only a part of the story. Greed and Grievance - George Washington University 2008. The Ontology of Political Violence: Action and Identity in Civil Wars. Hilferding, Rudolf. 2021-22, Recrystallization of Benzoic Acid Lab Report, cash and casssssssssssssshhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh, SCS 200 Applied Social Sciences Module 1 Short Answers, Leadership class , week 3 executive summary, I am doing my essay on the Ted Talk titaled How One Photo Captured a Humanitie Crisis https, School-Plan - School Plan of San Juan Integrated School, SEC-502-RS-Dispositions Self-Assessment Survey T3 (1), Techniques DE Separation ET Analyse EN Biochimi 1, Campbell Biology (Jane B. Reece; Lisa A. Urry; Michael L. Cain; Steven A. Wasserman; Peter V. Minorsky), Business Law: Text and Cases (Kenneth W. Clarkson; Roger LeRoy Miller; Frank B. European Economic Review, 48: 1125 - 1145. , [Web of Science ] , [Google Scholar]. defined as the number of government changes. 2009, 23). Burundi 11/91 ongoing * * * Results show that Africa has had a similar incidence of civil conflict to other developing regions, and, with minor exceptions, its conflicts are consistent with the global pattern of behavior. Overall, mercantilists viewed international economic relations as a zero-sum game: each countrys gains were at the expense of another. Davies, Victor A.B. Two nations that trade with each other become reciprocally dependent; if one has an interest in buying, the other has an interest in selling, and all unions are founded on mutual needs.. Hilferding ([1910]1981, 21) supported that a new stage of capitalism had emerged, having as main feature the concentration and intimate relationship of banking and industrial capital in the form of finance capital. Iraq 07/74 03/75 * * * Beyond Greed and Grievance: Feasibility and Civil War. The greed argument has been developed by economic theorists who view the occurrence of internal war as the outcome of rational calculations in terms of costs and opportunities. Korf, Benedikt. [1939]2001. Greed and Grievance in Civil War by Paul Collier, Anke Hoeffler - SSRN p0. "greed" versus "grievance" debate. Three empirical explanations are suggested as different approaches to civil war: rebellion-as-investment, in which the critical incentive is the post-conflict payoff; rebellion-as-business, in which the critical incentive is the payoff during conflict; and rebellion-as-mistake, in which military optimism prevents the recognition of any mutually advantageous settlement. a lack of political rights, or ethnic and religious divisions in society. procedure to study the duration of civil war (on a much inferior data set) and argued that the same From a realist perspective, Gowa and Mansfield (1993) assert that the decision of countries to open their markets is influenced by power politics and, as a result, free trade is more likely to be established within, rather than across, political-military alliances. Civil war - Wikipedia The Economic History Review31, no. political and social variables that are most obviously related to grievances have little In particular, industrialists acquired monopoly positions in their countries and were able to determine prices. Greed and grievance arguments do not consider the historical context of the war in general. His empirical investigation shows that trade may both increase the probability of conflict and, at the same moment, restrain the frequency of that conflict. Beck, Nathaniel, Jonathan N. Katz and Richard Tucker. 1990. 2002. Turkey 07/91 ongoing * * In this context, the Greed and Grievance Theory, a theoretical contribution developed by Collier and Hoeffler (1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2004), may offer input to understanding the outbreak of civil and ethnic wars. Collier et al. they studied all armed conflicts between 1816 and 1945 with the Correlates of War project data. Collier, P., & Hoeffler, A. Unintended Consequences: Does Aid Promote Arms Races?* - Collier - 2007 So far the literature falls broadly into two camps. Using a comprehensive dataset on large-scale violent civil conflicts covering the 1960-2000 period, a wide range of hypotheses are tested by means of hazard function regressions. Jordan 09/70 09/70 * Furthermore, the Marxist theory did not offer a proper account of the major war of its time (i.e., the First World War) in which the rival colonial powers ended up fighting on the same side (Levy and Thompson 2010, 89-91). Cross), The Methodology of the Social Sciences (Max Weber), Give Me Liberty! Back to the Future: Instability in Europe after the Cold War. Marxist Theories of Imperialism: A Critical Survey. With Martin Potter, Julia Foster, Nicky Henson, Wendy Allnutt. The Economic History Review14, no. Capitalists, subsequently, needed to direct capital investments and excessive productions to new markets. In addition to contextual thoughts, different conflicts throughout history should also be considered. Complex Emergencies: David Keen Responds. We retain population size as a scale variable. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 46, 13-28. Previous war 0. Winslow, E. M. 1931. Lenin branded Kautsky and Hilferding as ex-Marxists who renounced the revolutionary principles of Marxism. The Chicken or the Egg? Causes of the Moldova-Transnistria Conflict As a result, they suggested that the interest of states is associated with the acquisition by all means i.e., including the use of coercion of monopoly control of resources and foreign markers (Anderton 2003, 211). Introducing the chosen theory: Collier and Hoeffler - greed and grievance as the combination of the economic and political perspective Greed and Grievance in Civil War by Paul Collier and Anke Hoeffler is one of the most famous works dealing mostly with the african civil wars that was developed for the world bank. 2001. ABSTRACT: Political instability appears to be one of the most important obstacles to economic developmentand has become endemic in several African countries. Collier, Paul. 2. However, the realist-liberal discussion has recently moved from the causes of specific conflicts to methodological questions concerning the processing and analysis of large datasets with dozens of case studies. 1993. Overall, contrary to the greed argument, the grievance thesis highlights the role of political and identity motivations for conflict. (0) Finally, Benedikt Korf (2005, 201-212) points to the case of Sri Lanka to argue that greed and grievance are causally linked and reinforced factors. India 08/65 08/65 * * * Finance Capital: A Study of the Latest Phase of Capitalist Development. The modern Collie is a medium to large sized dog that stands at 51 - 61cm and weighs between 20 - 29kg. These specifications are justified in Section 4 In Complex emergencies, David Keen (2008) demonstrated how a conflict could never be seen as a greed-based fight. Nigeria 12/80 08/84 * * * Using global data for the period 1960-99, Collier and Hoeffler estimate neighborhood arms races. All Coppers Are. This kind of a particular time and space combination for greed over grievance is not always present. In our previous theory, we assumed that rebel movements incurred net costs during conflict, so that post-conflict pay-offs would be decisive. Rwanda 11/63 02/ Douglas M. Gibler & Meredith Reid Sarkees Measuring Alliances: The Correlates of War Formal Interstate Alliance Dataset, 1816-2000; James H. Lebovic - Unity in Action: Explaining Alignment Behavior in the Middle East; London: Routledge. Rudolf Hilferding provided inFinance Capital([1910]1981) the first Marxist account of imperialism. (1). http://www.marxists.org/archive/hobson/1902/imperialism/index.htm. Economic Causes of Civil Conflict and their Implications for Policy. Similarly, Murshed and Tadjoeddin (2009, 102) argue that the greed and grievance approaches may be viewed as complementary owing to the fact that greed may lead to grievances and vice versa. While it is difficult to find proxies for grievances and opportunities, we find that The authors estimate an "arms race multiplier," finding that an initial exogenous increase in military expenditure by one country is . (2004). Column 1: the two measures of fractionalization and ethnic dominance are not jointly significant. largest ethnic group constitutes 4590% of the population. inextricably fused motives for civil war. This time the discussion is stimulated by two factors. Since both the underlying indices of Information, REPORT (0)* (0)* (0) Copyright 2023 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01, Students shared 9 documents in this course, Eileen Babbitt and Fen Osler Hampson Conflict Resolution as a Field of Inquiry Practice Informing Theory, Reflection Essay #3 - In today's day in age, diverse sexualities and sex characters are rapidly getting, Modern art disc 3 - a discussion about Renoir, Bal du moulin de la Galette mian idea and themes, Equivalent Masses, Springs and Dampers - Table From S. 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Nevertheless, their belief that the decisive factor for the risk of rebellion is feasibility rather than motivation has not changed (Collier et al. Ed. It would also end all antagonisms and conflicts among peoples. This argument was borrowed in the early 1970s by Nazli Choucri and Robert C. North (1972) who added, in the population growthconflict relationship, the factor of technological growth that increases a states reliance on access to resources. Therefore, scholars must first differentiate between distinct types of conflicts before starting their research: civil war, genocide, ethnic conflicts, war on terror, etc. However, one should read his analysis within the context of his general consideration of capitalism as an essential stage towards socialism (Wolfe 1997, 389). 7 The economic growth literature concentrates on the analysis of political instability as a determinant of. Taking Time Seriously: Time-Series-Cross-Section Analysis with a Binary Dependent Variable. Pevehouse, Jon C. 2004. 1: 87-111. The outbreak of a civil war is explained by the case-specific circumstances that generate profitable opportunities for rebels. With respect to colonization, Marxs work included specific references to the cases of Ireland, India and China. Gurr, Ted Robert. 1996. In the Middle Ages, all types of wars were to a certain extent economically motivated including the crusades that, by right, were bringing all riches of infidels to Christians. Ethiopia 07/74 05/91 * * Collier & Hoeffler (2004) have found that one of the risk factors making a country prone to civil war is the presence of primary commodity exports with large rents. (387)* As Deraniyagala (2005) explains, Nepal is characterized by large horizontal inequalities in terms of poverty and human development (i.e., differences by geographical location, caste and ethnicity and rural-urban disparities) that have been aggravated since the early 1990s by the introduction of a structural adjustment program aiming at economic liberalization. Considering that colonial powers enforced protectionist regimes in regions under their control, capitalist countries should find non-appropriated areas for their surpluses of production and savings. Journal of Peace Research33, no. Journal of Peace Research36, no. Fieldhouse, D. K. 1961. In 1914, after the outbreak of the First World War, Karl Kautsky wrote that, as a rule, industrial zones dominated over agrarian zones. 3: 351-361. Montesquieu wrote inThe Spirit of the Laws([1748]1989, 338) that commerce: polishes and softens barbarous mores [] The natural effect of commerce is to lead to peace. The Princeton Encyclopedia of Self-Determination While in this Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. 2009. Greed and Grievance in Civil War | Policy Research Working Papers This fact prompted Harry G. Johnson (1974, 3) to claim that mercantilism was a collection of often mutually contradictory ideas expressed with varying degrees of clarity by men of widely varying levels of intelligence and reasoning power. Elbadawi, Ibrahim and Hvard Hegre. The authors systematically apply the Collier-Hoeffler model to 15 countries in 6 different regions of the world, using a comparative case study methodology to revise and expand upon economic models of civil war. Understanding Civil War : Evidence and Analysis, Volume 1. Africa The Political Economy of Civil Conflict in Nepal. For instance, while the realists remarked that the unprecedented levels of economic interdependence among the Europeans of the early 20th century did not prevent the First World War, the liberals countered that the economic protectionist policies of the 1930s contributed to the outbreak of the Second World War. Kautsky, Karl. 2009. 1900. Liberia 12/89 11/91 * Notes: All regressions include a constant. The second is the burgeoning of empirical studies that utilize quantitative research methods to analyze large datasets. Review of International Studies15, no. It relates the duration of civil war to two alternative models of conflict and culls testable hypotheses from the case study literature on civil war. PDF Ethnic Politics Armed Conflict - Columbia University 3: 209-222. [1776 and 1792]1995. Marx and Engels dismissed free trade as a policy aiming to serve the bourgeoisies interests. Francis Bacon and Simon Clment) suggested the expansion of exports and the diminution of imports (Coulomb 2004, 19-21). On the Duration of Civil War - Paul Collier, Anke Hoeffler, Mns (0) Jeremy Bentham expressed similar views about the benefits of free trade and remarked that the emancipation of colonies would remove a cause of jealousy and animosity among European states. 2009. Iran 03/74 03/75 * * 2002. the 1, 5 and 10% level, respectively. corrected)/peace (556). Wiki Page > Greed and Grievance The phrase " greed versus grievance " or " greed and grievance " refers to the two baseline arguments put forward by scholars of armed conflict on the causes of civil war, though the argument has been extended to other forms of war, such as violent conflict in general, rebellion and insurgency, for example. Primary commodity 18 18 16 17 17. exports/GDP) 2 (11)*** (11)*** (9)** (15)* (15)* 1: 5-56. Yemen 05/90 10/ implied (Collier and Hoeffler, 2007). 18 At this stage we measure polarization with1 and define ethnic dominance as occurring when the Karl Marx did not himself develop a theory of war; nor was he preoccupied with international politics. Articles on Civil War | Nicholas Sambanis - University of Pennsylvania It does not also do any justice to the political struggle and motives of people such as Nelson Mandela (Herbst 2000, 279-282). Russia 09/99 Ongoing * 1978. Trans. explanatory power. A Critical History of Economics. 1980. Mills, John. [3] The common tenet of different mercantilists was a belief in the importance of positive trade balances for the accomplishment of political objectives and the financing of wars. This approach is based on the concept of relative deprivation that was originally advanced in the early 1970s by Ted Robert Gurr (1970, 128) to describe the widespread perception of discrepancies between the goals of human action and the prospects of attaining those goals. Smith, Adam. In his own words, It is impossible to get a war going unless the potential participants are somehow linked (Waltz 1979, 138). Indonesia 06/75 09/82 * * * Twenty Years' Crisis, 1919-1939: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations. Second, globalization has increased the ability of market agents to react to political risk. [1916]2003. Economic Structure and International Security: The Limits of the Liberal CaseInternational Organization38, no. Laos 07/60 02/73 * 1998. Even if this factor is present in the majority of conflicts, the relative importance of its explanatory power depends on our perspective rationalism or constructivism and a given historical context.

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